What is a disciplinary procedure at work?

A disciplinary procedure is a formal process your employer follows when they have concerns about your conduct, behaviour, or performance. It follows the ACAS Code of Practice and typically involves an investigation, a formal disciplinary meeting, a decision (which could be a warning or dismissal), and the right to appeal. The purpose is to address the problem fairly, not to punish. Employers must follow a fair procedure — if they don't, any resulting dismissal could be ruled unfair by an employment tribunal.

Can I be sacked at a disciplinary hearing?

Yes, dismissal is a possible outcome of a disciplinary hearing — but only for serious or repeated misconduct, or as a final step after warnings have been given. For gross misconduct (e.g. theft, fraud, violence, gross negligence), dismissal without prior warnings can be fair. For less serious misconduct or poor performance, the employer would normally issue a first written warning, then a final written warning, before dismissal. You have the right to appeal any disciplinary decision, including dismissal.

What are my rights during a disciplinary?

You have the right to: be informed of the allegations in writing before any hearing, have enough time to prepare your response, be accompanied by a trade union representative or work colleague at the hearing, be given a fair and unbiased hearing, receive the outcome in writing, and appeal against any disciplinary decision. You should also be allowed to call witnesses, present evidence, and respond to the allegations. If your employer doesn't follow fair procedures, any resulting dismissal could be unfair.

What is gross misconduct?

Gross misconduct is behaviour so serious that it fundamentally undermines the employment relationship, justifying immediate dismissal without notice (summary dismissal). Common examples include: theft or fraud, physical violence or threats, serious insubordination, being under the influence of drugs or alcohol at work, serious health and safety breaches, deliberate damage to company property, and serious breach of confidentiality. What counts as gross misconduct should be defined in your employment contract or staff handbook.

Disciplinary Procedure at Work UK — Your Rights & The Process | PocketWise

Disciplinary Procedure at Work UK — Your Rights & The Process

How the disciplinary process works at work in the UK, your rights during a disciplinary, the ACAS Code of Practice, and what to do if you face disciplinary action.

By PocketWise · 25 March 2026 · 5 min read

Facing a disciplinary at work can be stressful. Understanding the process and your rights helps you prepare and protect yourself.

How the Disciplinary Process Works

Step	What happens	Your rights
1. Investigation	Employer investigates the alleged misconduct or performance issue	You may be interviewed — but this isn’t the disciplinary hearing
2. Written notification	You receive a letter setting out the allegations and inviting you to a hearing	Must include full details plus any evidence
3. Disciplinary hearing	Formal meeting to discuss the allegations	Right to be accompanied, present your case, call witnesses
4. Decision	Employer decides on the outcome	Must be based on reasonable investigation and evidence
5. Written outcome	You’re told the decision and any sanction in writing	Must include reasons and right to appeal
6. Appeal	You can appeal the decision	Heard by a different, more senior manager if possible

Types of Disciplinary Issue

Type	Examples	Typical process
Minor misconduct	Late arrival, minor breach of policy, poor timekeeping	Verbal warning → written warning
Serious misconduct	Repeated minor misconduct, insubordination, unauthorised absence	Written warning → final warning → dismissal
Gross misconduct	Theft, fraud, violence, serious H&S breach, gross negligence	Investigation → hearing → potentially immediate dismissal
Poor performance	Not meeting targets, skill gaps, consistent underperformance	Performance improvement plan (PIP) → review → warning → dismissal

Warning Stages

Stage	Duration (typical)	When used
Verbal/informal warning	3–6 months	First instance of minor misconduct
First written warning	6–12 months	Repeated or more serious misconduct
Final written warning	12 months	Further misconduct after first warning
Dismissal	—	Continued misconduct after final warning, OR gross misconduct

Durations are typical — your employer’s policy may vary. Warnings should “expire” after the stated period.

Your Rights

Right	Detail
To be informed of allegations in writing	Before any formal hearing — with copies of evidence
Reasonable time to prepare	Usually at least 2–5 working days before the hearing
To be accompanied	By a trade union rep or work colleague at the hearing
To state your case	Present evidence, call witnesses, respond to allegations
Fair and unbiased hearing	The decision-maker should not have been involved in the investigation
Written outcome	Including reasons for the decision
Right to appeal	Must be offered — heard by a more senior manager
Not to be discriminated against	Disciplinary action must not be motivated by a protected characteristic
Confidentiality	The process should be kept confidential as far as possible

Right to Be Accompanied

Feature	Detail
Legal right	Employment Relations Act 1999, s.10
Who can accompany you	Trade union representative or work colleague
NOT allowed	Family, friends, solicitors (unless employer agrees)
What they can do	Confer with you, address the hearing, sum up your case
What they cannot do	Answer questions on your behalf
Postponement	If your companion is unavailable, you can postpone by up to 5 working days

The Investigation

Feature	Detail
Purpose	Establish the facts before any decision is made
Who conducts it	Usually a manager not directly involved in the alleged incident
What they may do	Interview witnesses, review CCTV/emails/documents, take statements
Your role	You may be interviewed as part of the investigation
Important	An investigation meeting is NOT a disciplinary hearing — you’re being asked for your account
Suspension	You may be suspended on full pay during the investigation (common for gross misconduct allegations)

Suspension

Feature	Detail
When it’s used	Serious allegations where it would be inappropriate for you to be at work during the investigation
Pay	Must be on full pay (unless your contract says otherwise — rare)
Duration	Should be as short as possible
It’s NOT a punishment	Suspension is a neutral act — your employer should make this clear
Your rights during suspension	Can still contact your union rep, should be kept informed of progress

Gross Misconduct

Category	Examples
Theft and fraud	Stealing from the company or colleagues, falsifying records, expense fraud
Violence	Physical assault, threats of violence
Harassment	Serious harassment, sexual harassment, bullying
Substance abuse	Being drunk or under the influence of drugs at work
Health and safety	Serious safety breaches putting others at risk
Gross negligence	Catastrophic failure to carry out duties properly
Breach of confidentiality	Sharing confidential business information
Criminal conduct	Criminal activity at work or affecting your ability to do the job
IT misuse	Accessing illegal material on work computers, hacking

Important: What counts as gross misconduct should be defined in your contract or staff handbook. Even for gross misconduct, a fair investigation and hearing are still required before dismissal.

How to Prepare for a Disciplinary Hearing

Action	Detail
Read the allegations carefully	Understand exactly what you’re accused of
Review the evidence	Look at everything the employer has provided
Prepare your response	Write down your side of events — dates, facts, witnesses
Gather your own evidence	Emails, messages, records that support your case
Identify witnesses	Anyone who can support your account
Choose your companion	Trade union rep or trusted colleague — brief them
Check the disciplinary policy	Your employer’s own policy should be followed
Take notes at the hearing	Or ask your companion to
Stay calm and factual	Don’t get emotional or argumentative

Unfair Disciplinary — When to Challenge

Issue	Why it’s problematic
No investigation before the hearing	Decision based on assumption, not evidence
Allegations not put in writing before the hearing	You couldn’t prepare properly
Not offered the right to be accompanied	Breach of statutory right
Biased decision-maker	Person who investigated also made the decision
Disproportionate sanction	Dismissal for a first minor offence
Inconsistent treatment	Other employees treated differently for the same offence
Discrimination	Disciplinary motivated by age, sex, race, disability, etc.
Failure to offer an appeal	Required under the ACAS Code
Predetermined outcome	Decision made before the hearing

Where to Get Help

Organisation	What they offer
ACAS	Free advice on disciplinary procedures — 0300 123 1100
Trade union	Representation at hearings, advice, support
Citizens Advice	Free employment advice
Employment solicitor	Legal advice (many offer free initial consultations)